When 'undo' won't do. • Sponsored by Dashlane, the password manager. Get a 30-day free trial at https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott • MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written with Sean Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

"Schwa" is the most common vowel in English. Every English speaker uses it, all the time, but most people have never heard of it. • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Trask, R. (1997). A student's dictionary of language and linguistics. London : New York: Arnold ; Distributed by St. Martin's Press. Lacabex, E., & Gallardo-del-Puerto, F. (2018). Explicit phonetic instruction vs. implicit attention to native exposure: phonological awareness of English schwa in CLIL, International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (published online ahead of print). I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This isn't "the way they were meant to be seen". • Get a 30-day free trial of CuriosityStream, including access to Nebula and my original series, here: https://curiositystream.com/tomscott When YouTube allowed music labels to "remaster" their original uploads, different videos had very different approaches. Some are in crystal-clear 4K; others are very definitely not. Here's why some of them look terrible. Animation by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Sound mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

All about Hilbert's Decision Problem, Turing's solution, and a machine that vanishes in a puff of logic. MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written with Sean Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Gricean Maxims are a vital part of how we understand each other: a set of... well, maybe "rules" is a bit strong. They're guidelines that we follow without realising it. And it's the reason that "asbestos-free cereal" sounds suspicious. Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Munroe, R. (2009). "Free". https://xkcd.com/641/ Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Ipley Cross, in the middle of the New Forest, is one of the most dangerous road junctions in Britain. Why? • Thanks to Bez, whoever you are: their definitive article on this junction is here: https://singletrackworld.com/2018/01/collision-course-why-this-type-of-road-junction-will-keep-killing-cyclists/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Graphics by Mat Hill https://mat-hill.com ADDITIONAL SOURCES: https://www.advertiserandtimes.co.uk/ipley-crossroads-campaign The UK government's Traffic Signs Manual, chapter 6, 15.18.2 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The short answer is "backwards compatibility". The long answer is... well, it's the rest of this video. MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

There are rules in the English language that you've probably never been taught, but you know anyway: how to split apart words with "infixes". But you've never been taught it because some of those infixes are words you probably shouldn't use in front of your high school English teachers... Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ - and there are two bonus episodes, #1 and #13, on the podcast Patreon about exactly this! Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: IPSOS Mori / Ofcom (2016). Attitudes to potentially offensive language and gestures on TV and radio. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/91625/OfcomQRG-AOC.pdf [PDF] Vittrant, A., Watkins, J., & Matisoff, J. (2018). The mainland southeast Asia linguistic area. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbHMouton. Ringe, D. (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: OUP Oxford.Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. McCawley, J. D., & Zwicky, A. M. (1992). Studies Out in Left Field: Defamatory Essays Presented to James D. McCawley on the Occasion of His 33rd or 34th Birthday. John Benjamins Publishing Co. McMillan, J. (1980). Infixing and Interposing in English. American Speech, 55(3), 163-183 Zwicky, A., & Pullum, G. (1987). Plain Morphology and Expressive Morphology. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 13, 330. Aronoff, M. (1976). Word formation in generative grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. McCarthy, J. (1982). Prosodic structure and Expletive Infixation. Language, 58(3), 574. McMillan, J. (1980). Infixing and Interposing in English. American Speech, 55(3), 163-183 Zwicky, A., & Pullum, G. (1987). Plain Morphology and Expressive Morphology. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 13, 330. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The title of this video should change with the times. But nothing lasts forever: here's the story of how I made it work, why it used to be easier to make that work, and how it all ties in to the White Cliffs of Dover and the end of the universe. Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Includes an accelerated section of "Traduction automatique des flux d'information (Yahoo Pipes IV)" by Laurent Moccozet, which is licensed under CC-by: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9m4oxwPw7bY - the remainder of this video does not fall under that license. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Dark scenes in television, YouTube, and streaming platforms all look pixelated and blocky. Here's why. Animation by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

No copyright infringement intended. | Watch Money, my new Nebula Original series, with a 30-day free trial of CuriosityStream: https://curiositystream.com/tomscott WRITTEN BY: Tom Scott SCRIPT ASSISTANT: Andrea Marks CAMERA: Jamie Drew CAMERA: Joe Stone AUDIO MIX: Graham Haerther EDITOR: Isla McTear CAPTIONS: Caption+ WITH THANKS TO: 1901 Arts Club The Camera Museum, Soho Evan Edinger The Lexi Cinema, Kensal Green Mandy Celine Oliver Thorn Tim Bunn LEGAL CAMEOS: Leonard French https://www.youtube.com/user/ljfrench009 Devin Stone https://www.youtube.com/legaleagle QUASI-LEGAL CAMEO: Jay Foreman https://www.youtube.com/jayforeman MINECRAFT SEQUENCE: Joel "Smallishbeans" https://www.youtube.com/SmallishBeans MUSIC Epidemic Sound Canon in D solo piano recording courtesy of ProstoRecords and Envato Market Canon in D rock recording courtesy of Kora3000 and Envato Market STOCK PHOTOGRAPHY Images used under license from shutterstock.com PRODUCER Reb Day © Pad 26 Limited MMXX https://tomscott.com https://twitter.com/tomscott https://instagram.com/tomscottgo

Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant, in Austria, was ready to go: it just needed starting up. But that never happened, and forty years later, it still sits mothballed. Here's why. Thanks to all the EVN team: you can find information on tours (in German) here: http://www.zwentendorf.com/ - and about EVN here: https://www.evn.at/EVN-Group/Energie-Zukunft/EVN-Fuhrungsangebot/Zwentendorf.aspx Camera by Matt Gray: https://youtube.com/mattgrayyes Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Coca-Cola's brand of bottled water, Dasani, was a flop in the UK after the public realised it was just filtered tap water. But the story's a bit more complicated than it might seem. | Drinking Dasani with Ashens: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6VhcpwFZJM Thanks to Sally Le Page on camera! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9AUeAvdEVJfyS9rd9pvp8g I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Lasers travel at the speed of light. You can't stop one in mid-air like Kylo Ren. Except: we just did. Here's how. • Seb's video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YONOexk0Ek • https://seblee.me/ Lasers by Seb Lee-Delisle, assisted by Abby Shum Camera by Matt Gray https://youtube.com/mattgrayyes Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

From March 1st 2020, Luxembourg will have free public transit throughout the country: you'll be able to travel on buses, trains, trams, and that one funicular railway without a ticket. It sounds like a good idea: but is it? Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Thanks to Leonard French at Lawful Masses for holding the camera out on the Casemates: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChBJtu4BhT8b8t9Qe9R-EZg I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Winograd schema is a language test for intelligent computers. So far, they're not doing well. MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ - and Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) REFERENCES: Levesque, H.J., Davis, E., and Morgenstern, L. (2011). The winograd schema challenge. In AAAI Spring Symposium: Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning. Trask, R. (1993). A dictionary of grammatical terms in linguistics. London ; New York: Routledge. (page 233) Winograd, T. (1972). Understanding natural language. Cognitive Psychology, 3(1), 1-191. (page 33) Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. (2009). Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition (2nd ed., Prentice Hall series in artificial intelligence). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gray, M. & Suri, S. (2019) Ghost work. Boston, M.A.: HMH Books. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

About once a year, on the Oosterscheldekering barrier in the south of the Netherlands, there is NK Tegenwindfietsen: a bicycle race cycling into a headwind. This year it was 120km/h: this is why it's so difficult, and also why it's so brilliant. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

INT, BOOLEAN, STRING and FLOAT: these are the things that data is made of. • Sponsored by Dashlane — for free on your first device @ https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscott

Schengen is a small town in Luxembourg, on the borders with France and Germany. But one of those borders is a little more complicated: the Mosel (or Moselle) river is a condominium, it belongs to both countries at the same time. And thus, so the bridges above it. REFERENCES: I'm not 100% happy with the research in this video, because it was put together quickly and, through necessity of language, from English-speaking secondary sources. However, Frank Jacobs in the New York Times on condominiums, talks about the history of the treaties: https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/the-worlds-most-exclusive-condominium/ and that's confirmed by a reference in Freshwater Boundaries Revisited: Recent Developments in International River Law by María Querol, which quotes Bernhardt's Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol 111, p465. Interestingly, the borders on Google Maps, Bing Maps and OpenStreetMap all take different (and sometimes nonsensical) twists and turns, so I've chosen to illustrate the simplest example. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Subscribe to Aspect Science! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyi06SeKkiwoAzFVmQtDtfg or start with Tom's video on what would happen if a meteoroid hit an Apollo astronaut: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll8izWe9nqk "12kg of Martian soil simulant" is a pretty good guest video pitch. This week, Tom from Aspect Science tries to grow a salad in Martian soil.

Go subscribe to Brainbook! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnbPqck6c4yydPKVK0Faf6w or start with Alex's video on a day in the life of a neurosurgeon on call: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RXEaAjpt4Q The brain is a mass of neurons, but some areas are more important than others. How can surgeons navigate inside the brain? How do they know exactly where to operate, and what to do? Alex from Brainbook explains.

When I was a teenager, I wrote some terrible code. Here's why. • Sponsored by Dashlane — for free on your first device @ https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscott

Weird calendar edge-cases and computer bugs. It's an old-school video. • Video sponsor Fasthosts are giving UK viewers the chance to win a trip to SXSW 2020 by answering my Techie Test question: https://fasthosts.co.uk/tomscott FURTHER READING: The ISO 8601 Standards for date and time: https://www.iso.org/iso-8601-date-and-time-format.html The tweet referenced in the video: https://twitter.com/_ninji/status/549365454322802688 The Guardian article mentioned: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/29/twitter-2015-date-bug I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Gestures are a really important part of language. But how do we use them, and why? MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl, with an assist from Lauren Gawne. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ - and Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) REFERENCES: Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bernard, J. A., B Millman, Z., & Mittal, V. A. (2015). Lederer, J. (2019). Gesturing the source domain: The role of co-speech gesture in the metaphorical models of gender transition. Metaphor and the Social World, 9(1), 32-58. Gawne, L. & McCulloch, G. (2019). Emoji as digital gestures. Language@Internet. 17(2). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0009-7-48882 Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lederer, J. (2019). Gesturing the source domain: The role of co-speech gesture in the metaphorical models of gender transition. Metaphor and the Social World, 9(1), 32-58. McNeill, D. Gesture: a Psycholinguistic Approach. Kendon, A. (2000). Language and gesture: Unity or duality? In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture: Window into thought and action (pp. 47-63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Iverson, J., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1998). Why people gesture when they speak. Nature, 396(6708), 228-228. McNeill, D. (1985). So you think gestures are nonverbal? Psychological Review, 92(3), 350-371. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Wichita Falls, Texas, the Newby-McMahon Building stands 480 inches tall. Not 480 feet: 480 inches. There's a story of a smooth-talking scammer that sounds almost too good to be true. But is it? Thanks to Jan and all the folks at Hello Again: http://helloagainwf.com - and to everyone at the Wichita Falls Library! Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

We still shouldn't be using electronic voting. Here's why. • Sponsored by Dashlane — for free on your first device @ https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha REFERENCES: Computerphile video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3_0x6oaDmI Stories about voter identification happening outside the law: https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-1051,00.html Voting machines left connected to the internet: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/3kxzk9/exclusive-critical-us-election-systems-have-been-left-exposed-online-despite-official-denials Hackers getting voting machines to play Doom: https://www.salon.com/2019/08/14/hackers-can-easily-break-into-voting-machines-used-across-the-u-s-play-doom-nirvana/ "Small, well-funded team backed by a national government": https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/us/politics/russian-hacking-elections.html Scottish election: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/jun/20/scotland.devolution and http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/6627657.stm - with the Excel detail on page 50 of https://www.openrightsgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/org_election_report.pdf?page=50 Report on e-voting in Estonia: https://estoniaevoting.org/ Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

"Priming" is the idea that the words you read can change the way you act. And yes, there are papers that show an effect: but we also need to talk about the Replication Crisis. MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen can be found at http://lingthusiasm.com/ And Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) REFERENCES: Kay, A. C., Laurin, K., Fitzsimons, G. M., Landau, M. J. (2014). A functional basis for structure-seeking: Exposure to structure promotes willingness to engage in motivated action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 486–491. doi:10.1037/a0034462 Bargh JA, Chartrand TL. Studying the Mind in the Middle: A Practical Guide to Priming and Automaticity Research. In: Reis H, Judd C, editors. Handbook of Research Methods in Social Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2000. Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams, R. B., Alper, S., … Nosek, B. A. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225 Zaval, L., Keenan, E., Johnson, E., & Weber, E. (2014). How warm days increase belief in global warming. Nature Climate Change. 4. 10.1038/nclimate2093. Hoedemaker, R., & Gordon, P. (2014). It Takes Time to Prime: Semantic Priming in the Ocular Lexical Decision Task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(6), 2179-2197. Heyman, T., Van Rensbergen, B., Storms, G., Hutchison, K., & De Deyne, S. (2015). The Influence of Working Memory Load on Semantic Priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(3), 911-920. McNeill, D. (1985). So you think gestures are nonverbal? Psychological Review, 92(3), 350-371. Balota, D. A., & Lorch, R. F. (1986). Depth of automatic spreading activation: Mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 336 –345. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.336 de Groot, A. M. (1984). Primed lexical decision: Combined effects of the proportion of related prime–target pairs and the stimulus– onset asynchrony of prime and target. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 36, 253–280. doi: 10.1080/14640748408402158 Forster, K. (1981). Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts on naming time: Evidence for autonomous lexical processing. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 33, 465– 495. doi:10.1080/14640748108400804 Hutchison, K. A., Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., & Watson, J. M. (2008). Predicting semantic priming at the item level. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 61, 1036 –1066. doi:10.1080/ 17470210701438111 Keefe, D. E., & Neely, J. H. (1990). Semantic priming in the pronunciation task: The role of prospective prime-generated expectancies. Memory & Cognition, 18, 289 –298. doi:10.3758/BF03213882 McNamara, T. P. (2005). Semantic priming: Perspectives from memory and word recognition. New York, NY: Psychology Press. McNamara, T. P., & Altarriba, J. (1988). Depth of spreading activation revisited: Semantic mediated priming occurs in lexical decisions. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 545–559. doi:10.1016/0749- 596X(88)90025-3 Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226 –254. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226 Shelton, J. R., & Martin, R. C. (1992). How semantic is automatic semantic priming? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1191–1210. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.6.1191 Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams, R. B., Alper, S., … Nosek, B. A. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225 Rosenthal R (1979). "File drawer problem and tolerance for null results". Psychol Bull. 86 (3): 638–41. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At the National Helium Reserve in Amarillo, Texas, the US government once stored 32 billion cubic feet of helium. There have been breathless news articles recently saying the world's running out: but it's still possible to buy party balloons. What's going on? More about the Federal Helium Program: https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/helium/federal-helium-program Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

It sounds ridiculous, but it's true. At the Cooper Union Foundation Building in New York, there's the world's first elevator shaft: constructed four years before the safety elevator was invented. • Thanks to Prof. O'Donnell and all the team at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art: you can find out more about the building here: https://cooper.edu/about/history/foundation-building Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Stockholm, there's a diagonal wind tunnel, used for one very specific purpose: learning to fly a wingsuit. I tried. I almost managed it. More about FlyLikeBrick: http://flylikebrick.com/ and the tunnel: https://indoorwingsuit.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

"Build some models" seems obvious: but this is a story of ingenuity, of using natural resources well, and of a country that humans dragged from the sea. More about Waterloopbos: in English: https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/provinces/flevoland/deltawerk-at-the-waterloopbos.htm in Dutch: https://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/natuurgebieden/waterloopbos Thanks to Dr Van Rijn and all the team at Waterloopbos, and to Lennert and Sander who both suggested this! Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I tried to write a more honest VPN commercial. The sponsor wasn't happy about it. • Get ██ days of ███ VPN free at ██████.com/honest The ASA ruling I referenced: https://www.asa.org.uk/rulings/tefincom-sa-a19-547668.html I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Next to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport is the Buitenschot Land Art Park, a giant set of ridges and furrows cut into the landscape. Yes, it's art: but it also stops some local residents from being exposed to jet noise. More about the park: https://www.schiphol.nl/en/schiphol-as-a-neighbour/page/landscape-design-plan-to-combat-noise-nuisance/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

GUEST VIDEOS: https://tomscott.com/guest • CARBON: https://tomscott.com/carbon • TECH DIF: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phL7P6gtZRM&list=PLfx61sxf1Yz2I-c7eMRk9wBUUDCJkU7H0&index=6 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Oodi, the new Helsinki Library, has robots to help reshelve books. They get a lot of press attention. But they're not the important part of the library: here's why. Thanks to all the team at Oodi: https://www.oodihelsinki.fi/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) With thanks to librarian-YouTuber Peter Musser for script checking: https://m.youtube.com/channel/UC37J30wHpQOtc1vzuN6OdDA/videos I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/Tom Scott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I got an email asking if I wanted to be driven around the most famous racetrack in Britain by an autonomous racing car. I wasn't going to refuse that offer. More about Roborace: https://www.youtube.com/roborace Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Camera by Grant Stevens https://www.moonshineproductions.co.uk/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Onkalo, on the Finnish island of Olkiluoto, is planned to be the first geologic storage facility for high-level nuclear waste: eventually sealed for 100,000 years. I got to see inside. Thanks to all the team from Olkiluoto, TVO and Posiva: you can find out more at http://www.posiva.fi/en/final_disposal/onkalo Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

If you've been a subscriber for a while, you probably know where this one is going. Although you may still be surprised about where I ended up going... Montana's Giant Springs State Park, and Lake Sumiainen in Finland, have very short rivers. Finding the shortest in the world, though: that could be trickier. Sources: https://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2012-06-18/d-river-lincoln-city-oregon-ken-jennings-maphead and a lot of googling for various folk tales. Also, travelling to Finland. Here's the co-ordinates of the Finnish river: 62.6497 N, 26.0484E Thanks to Wren from Corridor Digital for the LA drone shot! https://twitter.com/sirwrender I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Berkeley Pit, in Butte, Montana, was once the richest hill on Earth: the Anaconda Copper Mine. Now: it's not all that rich, and it's not much of a hill. Instead, it's a toxic pit filled with sulfuric acid. Thanks to the Montana Resources team: https://www.montanaresources.com/ REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING: "10,000 miles of tunnels": https://mtstandard.com/news/local/new-map-plots-butte-underground/article_f1de51e2-948f-5634-9aa0-87ad730d9cfd.html "35,000 people a year": https://www.travelandleisure.com/trip-ideas/toxic-montana-pit-tourist-attraction] Protective Water Level, and the details of the underground water that I didn't have time to go into: https://pitwatch.org/protective-water-level/ The first treated water being removed from the pit: https://www.mtpr.org/post/treated-water-begins-flowing-out-buttes-berkeley-pit Edited by Tom Fuller I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

On a coastline that's steadily sinking under the waves, the Wax Lake Delta is rising: which is a wonderful thing for researchers.Historically, every time humans try and mess with the Mississippi, there have been unintended consequences: and even though we can now model it fairly well, there are still surprises. Thanks to Alex Kolker and all the team at LUMCON in Louisiana. Here's more about his research: https://lumcon.edu/2017/10/20/land-building-in-a-river-delta-can-help-reduce-carbon-dioxide-emissions/ And if your institution subscribes, the paper on carbon storage in the Wax Lake Delta that he worked on is in Nature here: https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo3044 Other references and further reading: How humans sank New Orleans: How humans sank New Orleans: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/02/how-humans-sank-new-orleans/552323/ Retiring place names: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/24/us/jean-lafitte-floodwaters.html Levee wars: https://www.propublica.org/article/deregulate-federal-levees-section-408-permit-secretive-lobbying-effort Resettling the first American 'climate refugees': https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/us/resettling-the-first-american-climate-refugees.html CREDITS: Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Land and sea data and images from NOAA and NASA / Landsat, public domain Aerial imagery from Google Earth, used with permission I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I'll say this about this week's Game Garage: we definitely had fun. Thanks to Toby: https://www.youtube.com/birdkeepertoby and Inés: https://www.youtube.com/drawcuriosity ! Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The International Phonetic Alphabet: one sound for each symbol, and one symbol for each sound. Except for the sounds we can't make. Pull down the description for the references! MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available now: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/32epYoK (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Gretchen can be found at http://lingthusiasm.com/ REFERENCES: Harbeck, J. (2009). Presented at the 30th annual Editors’ Association of Canada conference, Toronto, June 6, 2009. Algeo, J., & Pyles, T. (2004). The origins and development of the English language (5th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Thomson/Wadsworth. Nicolaidis, Katerina (2005). "Approval of new IPA sound: the labiodental flap". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (2): 261. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This game turned out a lot more stressful than we thought it would. Thanks to ASHENS and the POLYBIUS HEIST crew, you can watch their first movie here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Tf2As_AQ6s and Ashens' channel here: https://www.youtube.com/ashens Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

What those boxes are for, and why you might not have to click them soon. • Sponsored by Dashlane —try 30 days for free at: https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ Thanks to Dashlane for sponsoring the video! If you're techie enough to watch this video, you should be using a password manager. Get a 30-day free trial at https://dashlane.com/tomscott I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

We're back! New games, same garage. Thanks to the crew from SOME LOVELY BOARD GAMES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfeCp3-_U8M Dodie: https://youtube.com/doddleoddle Sammy Paul: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC78zXJFimlWORdNrBS5pqGw Daniel J Layton: https://www.youtube.com/danieljlayton Reb Day: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi7nf3Wb5HzFgfkKLgTqzpw Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Aerosparx are a British aerobatics team that perform displays with fireworks attached to their wings. This is how they do it. More about Aerosparx: http://www.aerosparx.com/ Camera by Grant Stevens https://www.moonshineproductions.co.uk/ Ground display camera by Adam Landau Edited by Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin Audio mix by Graham Haerther http://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Time to tell a story about idempotency, computer science, and the Night of the Multiple Orders. • Sponsored by Dashlane —try 30 days for free at: https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ Thanks to Dashlane for sponsoring the video! If you're techie enough to watch this video, you should be using a password manager. Get a 30-day free trial at https://dashlane.com/tomscott I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

"Hello!" "Thank you!" "You're welcome!" These are all phatic expressions, and people can argue about them. Pull down the description for the references! MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available now: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/32epYoK (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Gretchen can be found at http://lingthusiasm.com/ REFERENCES: Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Goffman, Erving (1967): On Face-Work. An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction. In: Ders.: Interaction Ritual. New York: Doubleday. 5-45. Dinkin, A. (2018). It's no problem to be polite: Apparent-time change in responses to thanks. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 22(2), 190-215. Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies. vol. 7 (4-2): 585-614. Yngve, Victor. "On getting a word in edgewise," page 568. Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting [of the] Chicago Linguistic Society, 1970. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). "A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation." Language, 50, 696–735. Tannen, D. (2012). Turn-Taking and Intercultural Discourse and Communication. In Bratt Paulston, C., Kiesling, S. F., & Rangel E. S., Japan/Anglo-American Cross-Cultural Communication (pp 135-157). Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics: The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The fetch-execute cycle is the basis of everything your computer or phone does. This is literally The Basics. • Sponsored by Dashlane —try 30 days for free at: https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott Thanks to Dashlane for sponsoring the video! If you're techie enough to watch this video, you should be using a password manager. Get a 30-day free trial at https://dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha MINOR CORRECTIONS: In the graphics, "programme" should be "program". I say "Mac instead of PC"; that should be "a phone instead of a PC". And most importantly, I say "every sixth cycle": that should be "every ninth". Fortunately, none of these materially affect the content of the video! Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

A decade ago, engineers found the Humber Bridge had the same problem as many of the world's suspension bridges: unexpectedly fast corrosion. Here's how they fixed it, and how they're checking that it's staying fixed. Thanks to all the team at the Humber Bridge board, at Cleveland Bridge, and Visit Hull and East Yorkshire, all of whom spent a lot of time and effort getting me up to the towers! Aerial and ground camera by Octovision Media https://octovisionmedia.co.uk Edited by Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo